The 2D
Planar elements (For example : CPE4, CPE8 - plane strain analysis and CPS4,
CPS8 - plane
stress analysis) are only used in situations where the loading is confined to
the plane of
the elements. The elements only have planar variables (d.o.f) ux, uy.
Shell
elements are needed for out-of-plane loading. Consider a square plate subjected
to
a loading
normal to the plane of the plate. This requires shell elements and use of plane
stress/plane strain type of
elements would be inappropriate under these circumstances.
Shell
elements can also be used where the loading is planar but the material is made
of
composites.
Since shell elements by definition allow for through thickness variation of
material properties these are
the appropriate elements to be used in these cases.
** Example elements are from ABAQUS solver.
** Example elements are from ABAQUS solver.
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